Jeffrey Goldberg has done the good service of noting several major pieces about Israel/Zionism in the Atlantic prior to his own this month. He warns us that one shouldn’t regard these pieces as prophetic. But at least one is–this one from 1930 by William Ernest Hocking, which includes the following:
If we in
America, Jews and Gentiles, could see things as they are in Palestine,
we should recognize as axiomatic three things: (1) That nothing like
the full plan of Zionism can be realized without political pressure
backed by military force; (2) that such pressure and force imply an
injustice which is inconsistent with the ethical sense of Zionism,
undermining both its sincerity and its claim; (3) that every increase
of pressure now meets with increasingly determined Arab resistance,
within and beyond Palestine. Hence the question which political Zionism
must answer is whether or not it proposes to-day, as in ancient times,
to assert its place in Palestine by aid of the sword….
What I have to say, I say with deep personal
regret. For I went to Palestine seized with the idea of Zionism and
warmed by the ardor of Jewish friends to whom this vision is the breath
of life, prepared to believe all things possible. I came away saddened,
seeing that to strive for the perfect body, as things now are, can only
mean the loss of soul and body alike. To pursue any campaign for a more
vigorous fulfillment of ‘the British promise,’ to force cantonization
on Palestine and so to repeat the standing grievance of divided Syria,
to press for any further favor of the state, is to work blindly toward
another bloody struggle involving first the new settlements, then Great
Britain, then no one knows what wider area. In this we have been
assuming that on the issue of Jewish dominance the Arab mind is
irreconcilable. Is this true?
The answer lies partly in the fact that for the Arab, whose local
attachments are peculiarly strong, Palestine, beside being his home, is
also a holy land. It lies partly in the fact that to his mind Palestine
is not a separate province: it is an integral part of Syria… The expulsion of Feisal from Damascus by the
French was a cruel mutilation of this dream. The mandate for Palestine
excludes it from the imagined kingdom and shuts that kingdom from the
Mediterranean. Even so, political arrangements may be unmade. But
village settlements are a more final obstacle—they build a human
barrier and put an end to hope. The progress of Zionist colonization
thus becomes for the Arab national outlook a culminating stroke in a
series of breaches of faith…
No—Arabia will not be reconciled to Jewish dominance in Palestine.
For thirteen hundred years Moslem Arabs have lived here, tilling the
soil, caring for their herds, raising their fruits and olives,
practising their trades and crafts. Between them and this habitat there
is a genuine adjustment, an almost perfect equilibrium; technique and
custom, dress and architecture, they transmit from antiquity with an
unconscious faithfulness; they belong. The rights which go with
this long occupation and use cannot be brushed aside, even though no
letter of a British agreement could be cited to confirm them in their
place.
On the basis of existing theories of right, then, there is no way
to reconcile or to arbitrate the conflicting claims. Perhaps it is time
to seek a new principle….
Zionism has challenged all
prevailing theories of territorial right, in view of a unique religious
and cultural mission. Regarded as an article of Jewish faith, the claim
is, as we said, subjective…
First, Palestine is a land of interest to three great living
faiths. Each one of these may regard itself as able to make the best
use of the land; no one of the three is qualified to act as sole judge
in its own case. But since the use in question is primarily religious,
any one of the three is clearly disqualified which aims to exclude or
dominate the others. Result: no one of the three may he in exclusive
control; Christian, Moslem, and Jew must recognize the separate status
of Palestine and accept whatever consequences this fact may have for
their national aspirations.
Second, Palestine is indivisible. Each faith is interested in all
of it, and in free movement to all parts. Cantonization is offensive
from every point of view; and those who propose it thereby show
themselves spurious guardians.
Hocking’s fair approach was of course derailed by events: by European antisemitism, the rise of Hitler, the White Paper on immigration, the Holocaust, Partition, the Nakba. Now events are rehabilitating his analysis: the Iraq war (for which Goldberg was a leading cheerleader) and the spiritual/political crisis of a militarized Israel.
It is amazing/tragic to consider how long Hocking’s understanding of Palestinian rights has been suppressed in the American discourse: 60 years or so. Walt and Mearsheimer sought to resurrect some of Hocking’s evenhanded argument, in 2006, when they wrote that Israel lacked the moral sanctity that American politicians and media give it. The Atlantic killed that piece, and by doing so granted it a sort of imprimatur.
(Thanks to Sean Lee for the tip.)
