Israel admits to forcing 140,000 Palestinians from the West Bank using administrative trick

In Saree Makdisi's 2008 book Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation he makes the important point that while the Israeli-Palestinian conflict receives the most international attention at times of great violence, the occupation can actually be best understood by looking at the daily challenges of Palestinian life under Israeli control. He describes in detail the "legal" and administrative mechanisms Israel has constructed to dispossess Palestinians of their land in order to expand its control through settlements, restricted roads, curfews and other laws which limit or bar Palestinian freedom of movement.

Today, Akiva Eldar reports in Haaretz on a newly discovered Israeli operation to strip West Bank Palestinians of their residency rights, which once again demonstrates Makdisi's point. Eldar explains:

Israel has used a covert procedure to cancel the residency status of 140,000 West Bank Palestinians between 1967 and 1994, the legal advisor for the Judea and Samaria Justice Ministry's office admits, in a new document obtained by Haaretz. The document was written after the Center for the Defense of the Individual filed a request under the Freedom of Information Law.

The document states that the procedure was used on Palestinian residents of the West Bank who traveled abroad between 1967 and 1994. From the occupation of the West Bank until the signing of the Oslo Accords, Palestinians who wished to travel abroad via Jordan were ordered to leave their ID cards at the Allenby Bridge border crossing.

The article continues:

If a Palestinian did not return within six months of the card's expiration, their documents would be sent to the regional census supervisor. Residents who failed to return on time were registered as NLRs -- no longer residents. The document makes no mention of any warning or information that the Palestinians received about the process. . .

The Central Bureau of Statistics says the West Bank's Palestinian population amounted to 1.05 million in 1994, which means the population would have been greater by about 14 percent if it weren't for the procedure.

Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat responded to the Haaretz report saying that the policy should be considered a war crime and amounts to "a systematic policy of displacement in order to gain land for the expansion of more settlement-colonies and to change the demographic composition of the occupied Palestinian territories."

Stories like this are a useful reminder that the ongoing displacement and dispossession of the Palestinian people is a daily, and often mundane, affair, which is not to say that the results are any less devastating. As Makdisi writes after describing the story of one Palestinian family torn apart through a similar administrative obstacle:

Encounters like the mediated one between Sam Bahour and the Israeli soldier-administrator in Beit El may not be spectacular: since they occur on an individual and intimately personal scale, they are usually played out silently and invisibly. But, since they are the very tissue and fabric of which Israel's military occupation is made, they cumulatively set the stage for the more overt acts of violence surrounding them. Such violence does not always assume the form of large-scale combat. Much more often, the Israeli project of claiming land and, whenever possible, clearing it of Palestinians, takes palce in an endless chain of small, invisible,  almost - but quite - banal episodes, the background music of the occupation, whose real significance only becomes apparent when it is cumulatively assessed.

About Adam Horowitz

Adam Horowitz is Co-Editor of Mondoweiss.net.
Posted in Israel/Palestine

{ 20 comments... read them below or add one }

  1. Graber says:

    Video from last Friday, May 6, entitled “Israeli army forces 6 families out of their land in Amniyr, South Hebron Hills”
    link to youtube.com

    IOF Soldier: “Old man, one minute and none will be here.”
    Old man: “You said before that here was ok to stay.”
    Soldier: “Did you hear? One minute and none here!”
    Old man: “We will leave. But listen to me…”
    “But where are the borders?”

    Several families and children are then seeing standing around, talking with the soldiers. A soldier nonchalantly tosses a sound grenade, and a boy of probably 9 years flees, knowing exactly what the grenade is.

  2. annie says:

    i read this haaretz article last night @ midnight when i arrived home from a one week holiday. it just goes on and on and on. expose the truth everyday.

    thanks adam

  3. pabelmont says:

    “[T]he occupation can actually be best understood by looking at the daily challenges of Palestinian life under Israeli control. ” That is the line that the late, great Israel Shahak — an Israeli anti-Zionist Jew — took in the 1980s when touring the USA, talking about the occupation. The small, daily indignities, the standing in line for permits (and not getting them), etc. These were the way to make the occupation palatably awful to American listeners, not bloodcurdling stories of major stuff. So he said.

  4. Jim Haygood says:

    Peter Beinart writes approvingly that ‘Israel was created not merely to be a Jewish democracy, but to be a Jewish refuge.’ Sounds lovely, in theory. But policies such as stripping Palestinians of their West Bank residency through trickery are where the rubber meets the road, in terms of maintaining Israel’s character as a Jewish state.

    Through legal subterfuge, economic oppression, and (when all else fails) military violence, ethnic cleansing of Palestinians is the logical and necessary consequence of ‘Israel’s right to exist as a Jewish state.’

  5. American says:

    I keep trying to figure out how the ‘Jewish refuge’ will end because I don’t see how it can last.
    The only support in the world Israel has is US politicians, the US zionist and a few abroad, and the German politicians, and not all of them …. that’s it, that’s all it’s got.
    It’s not an exaggeration to say that 90% of the world and 90% of the world’s other governments are fed up with Israel.

    Perhaps it’s possible that Israel can continue the creeping, one step just this side of genocide, swallowing of Palestine until it’s gone but there are problems in that success. First Egypt and Jordon aren’t going to want to have to take in millions of Palestinians —even in a slow dribble. Second, if Israel does swallow Palestine and take in the Palestines it would really be an apartheid state writ large and how long could that last. An apartheid state means Israel would get cut off in a way that would make the current BDS look mild. Third, Israel, in time, would eventually face it’s own Arab Spring Revolt from it’s Palestine underclass.

    Nope, I don’t see it ever lasting no matter how gradually their goal is implemented with actions like those shown in this article. The bottom line is the Israel ‘goal’ will not be sustainable ‘long term’ even if they achieve it. If they win now, they lose later. And when that happens there won’t be any world sympathy or support to pick them up and put them on their feet again.

    • James says:

      canada under harper is working hard to do the same as the us politicians… must be something in it for him……….. it definitely isn’t a balanced outlook on his part…

      • eljay says:

        Yup, the amount of “application of tongue to backside” that the Canadian government is doing vis-à-vis Israeli s embarrassing. We’ve even adopted the same mindless pro-Israel (“special relationship”, “Jewish state”, etc.) and anti-Palestinian (terrorists, anti-Semitic, etc.) language as the U.S. *sigh*

  6. Cliff says:

    Adam, this is a VERY important post.

    A common Zionist LIE is that the ethnic cleansing of Palestine has ceased (or never existed if they are especially crazy Zionists).

    Just the other day Hophmi was asking (from his perspective, ‘rhetorically’) how many Palestinians have been ethnically cleansed from the West Bank and Gaza. OBVIOUSLY it’s an intellectually dishonest question. We know that the Palestinians are being DISPOSSESSED. They are losing their property and homes. They are LOSING THEIR LANDS. Is that so difficult to grasp? And this guy – the same person who is color-blind to a Nazi-like propaganda cartoon that paints the Palestinians as snakes – tries to brush it off.

    Very important post and I’m glad it’s been made soon after Hophmi’s recent lie.

  7. seafoid says:

    Where did all the dispossessed Palestinians go? Jordan?

    • chocopie says:

      They don’t all go to Jordan. They go wherever they can get a job, with large numbers all throughout the Middle East, but also throughout the world. We live in Asia and there’s a family from Bethlehem running the local shawarma shop. It’s infuriating that Israel, an occupier, can strip native people of their residency rights, and it’s mind-boggling to consider how each individual Palestinian is faced with a life-long struggle to get and maintain some kind of right of residency somewhere, anywhere. Meanwhile, Israelis have multiple passports and travel freely.

  8. Sumud says:

    This is why the Nakba did not end in 1949. As well as a second “hot” round in 1967, the “cool” ethnic cleansing of Palestine continues each and every day. This is what Jeff Halper calls “quiet transfer”.

  9. RoHa says:

    “The document makes no mention of any warning or information that the Palestinians received about the process. . .”

    The information is freely available. The process is quite clearly described in Regulation 1045/a/17/x. A copy (in Hebrew) for public perusal is kept in a locked filing cabinet in a disused lavatory in the basement of the Tel Aviv office of the Committee for Public Safety. Once you get past the armed guards and climb over the barrier at the top of the stairs, you can go down and find it. Look for the door marked “Beware of the Leopard”.

    If people are too lazy to take an interest in local affairs, I have no sympathy.

  10. Graber says:

    This was just up until 1994 – the same year that the Oslo Accords were signed. Oslo has been the effective administrative procedure since then.

    Under Oslo, Israel takes administrative and military control of Area C. Israel has military (policing) control of Area B, and the PA has administrative control of Area B. And Area A is the full responsibility of the PA.

    This effectively gave 59% of the West Bank (Area C) to Israel. If Palestinians are being cleared from their land, their only legal recourse is to go to Israeli courts. Which means that they’re basically defenseless.

    As the video in my first comment on this entry shows, the ethnic cleansing is happening right now.

  11. bijou says:

    This practice did not stop in 1994 by a long shot.

    B’Tselem: The Quiet Deportation – April 1997

    The Independent, Patrick Cockburn reports, April 1997:

    In what a report by B’Tselem, the Israeli human-rights group, calls “a policy of quiet deportation of East Jerusalem’s Palestinian residents”, hundreds and perhaps thousands of people have already been forced to leave. Western consular officials in Jerusalem fear that as many as 120,000 out of 170,000, two thirds of the Palestinian population, could lose their right to live in the city.

    So far the regulations have been mainly enforced when a Palestinian needs to renew an identity card, but the Israeli Interior Ministry says that between June and August all identity cards must be renewed.

    As a result of the policy, which started early last year but which has been more harshly enforced since Benjamin Netanyahu became Prime Minister, many Palestinians born in Jerusalem have stopped registering their children. Su’ad Nimr, 32, who is the mother of three children, said: “I was born and raised in Jerusalem as was my husband. Four months ago they took away our identity cards. Now my husband cannot leave the house. We live in fear that he will be imprisoned.”

    Eliahu Abrams, a civil-rights lawyer, said: “It is a true crisis in human rights: Israel is forcibly getting rid of Palestinians not by pulling them out by their hair, but by quiet, slow, sophisticated deportation.” The essence of the new policy is to force all Palestinians to give documentary proof – often twelve different documents – showing that they have always lived in the city.

    Olga Matri Hana Yoaqim, 63, who has seven children, was born in Bethlehem but has lived in the city with her husband since 1952. “In September 1995 I went to replace my identity card at the Interior Ministry office in East Jerusalem,” she said. The clerk cut up her old card and told her to come back in two weeks. When Mrs Yoaqim returned “the clerks told me: “You don’t have an identity card. Go to the West Bank”.

    Her husband went back to the ministry 20 times but was refused. Mrs Yoaqim said: “I suffer from diabetes and have kidney problems. When I go to a clinic or hospital, they want to see my identity card. Because I have none, I can’t receive treatment.”

    The Interior Ministry denies that it has a new policy, but says it is merely enforcing old regulations. Responding to the allegation that it has embarked on a policy of deportation, Tova Ellinson, the ministry spokesperson, said: “When permanent residents sever their connection with Israel – maintain their centre of life in another location… – their free choice causes the expiration of their permanent residency.”

    In fact, it is only recently that Palestinians who live in a Jerusalem suburb such as Ram or Abu Dhis have found that their “centre of life” has moved from the city as much as if they had moved to Dundee. B’Tselem, in its report, The Quiet Deportation: Revocation of Residency of East Jerusalem Palestinians, says: “Some 18 months ago, the Interior Ministry began to revoke the residency status of persons who moved outside the municipal borders of Jerusalem.”

    The change was retroactive and introduced without notice so it is only now that Palestinians are discovering if they have the right to live in the city where they were born.

    B’Tselem: Revocation of residency in East Jerusalem – new tactics

    Between December 1995 and March 2000, Israel used an additional method to attain its demographic objective. The Interior Ministry, which deals with the residency status of East Jerusalem’s Palestinian residents, revoked residency from those who moved outside Jerusalem’s municipal borders. Palestinians who were unable to prove that they had lived in Jerusalem in the past and continue to live there were compelled to leave their homes forever. They could not live or work in Israel and they and their families lost their social benefits. The Israeli authorities never announced this policy, and never warned Palestinians that by leaving Jerusalem they were jeopardizing their status and right to return to live in their homes in the city.

    The policies of the Israeli government and the Jerusalem Municipality in a variety of spheres led thousands of Palestinians to leave the city, many to reside in Jerusalem’s suburbs, others in the West Bank and Jordan. Until 1995, moving outside the city limits did not affect their status as permanent residents in Israel. They maintained this status as long as they returned to Jerusalem to renew their exit permits at the Ministry of the Interior, which regularly renewed the permits. Only a continued stay of more than seven years outside Jerusalem without having renewed their exit permits was liable to lead to revocation of residency status. Palestinians who moved to Jerusalem’s suburbs or elsewhere in the West Bank did not require exit permits and could live there for years without it affecting their status.

    In December 1995, without forewarning, the Ministry of the Interior changed its policy. The Ministry claimed that permanent residency, unlike citizenship, is a matter of the circumstances in which the individual lives, and when these circumstances change, the permit granting permanent residency expires. Thus, every Palestinian who lived outside the city for a number of years lost their right to live in the city, and the Ministry ordered them to leave their homes. The fact that they had returned to Jerusalem over the years and the Ministry regularly renewed their exit permits and granted them additional services was insignificant. The Ministry demanded proof that their “center of life” was in Jerusalem. The standard of proof was high, and the Ministry required that the individual provide numerous documents. According to official sources, permanent residency of more than 3,000 individuals “expired” since December 1995.

    In March 2000, the Minster of the Interior, Natan Sharansky, submitted an affidavit to the High Court of Justice in which he stated that the “quiet deportation” policy would cease. The affidavit stated that the Ministry would return to operating according to the pre- December 1995 policy: all residents of East Jerusalem who renewed their exit permits on time would maintain their permanent residency status, even if they live in Jordan or in another country. Also, permanent residency status would not be revoked from Jerusalem residents who moved to Jerusalem’s suburbs or elsewhere in the West Bank and do not require exit permits. The Minister also stated in his affidavit that residency would be returned to those whose status had been revoked, provided that they lived in Jerusalem for at least two years.

    In addition, the Ministry reinstated the residency of hundreds of Palestinians whose residency had been revoked during the years that Israel implemented its revocation policy.

    However, in recent years, the Ministry has once again begun to revoke permanent-residency status of East Jerusalem Palestinians, raising the concern that, covertly and without warning, Israel has returned to the “quiet transfer” policy. According to official figures, in 2005, the Ministry revoked the residency of 222 Palestinians. In 2006, that number jumped to 1,363, an increase of more than 600 percent. In response to B’Tselem’s inquiry, the Ministry stated that, in most of the cases, residency was revoked because the person had become a citizen or permanent resident of another country.

    B’TSelem: New military order defines tens of thousands of Palestinian “infiltrators” who may be expelled and imprisoned – April 2010

    On Tuesday, 13 April 2010, the Order Regarding the Prevention of Infiltration (Amendment No. 2) and the Order Regarding Defense Regulations (Amendment No. 112) came into force. The orders were signed by former OC Central Command Maj. Gen. Gadi Shamni in October 2009. Under the orders, any Palestinian who enters the West Bank “unlawfully” and any person who is present there without an Israeli permit is deemed an “infiltrator” and may be deported from the West Bank by Israel. The definitions in the orders are vague: they do not determine, for example, what is considered a valid permit and whether a Palestinian identity card constitutes one.

    The new definition of “infiltrator” turns persons whom Israel previously classified as “persons staying illegally” in the West Bank into criminals, who are subject to seven years’ imprisonment. Persons able to prove they entered the West Bank lawfully, but remained after their permit expired, are subject to up to three year’s imprisonment.

    Given Israel’s current policy, B’Tselem is concerned that the orders will be used primarily against Palestinians who have lived in the West Bank for many years and have established their lives there, but whose official address remains in the Gaza Strip because Israel refuses to change their address in the population registry. It is also feared that Israel will use the orders to deport spouses of residents of the West Bank when the spouse holds a foreign passport and Israel refuses to grant their application for family unification. It is estimated there are tens of thousands of persons in these categories.

    Jordan will not receive deported Palestinians – December 2010

    The Jordanian government refused Monday receiving any Palestinians deported by Israel from the Occupied Territories under the pretext that they do not have legal residence permits.

    Munther Fahmi, bookseller to the stars at East Jerusalem’s famous American Colony Hotel, facing deportation – April 2011

    HAMOKED – Center for the Defense of the Individual – Detailed information site about the history, timeline, legal particulars for these types of deportations

    And on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on….

  12. Cliff says:

    Bump, I hope all the regulars have this important post favorite’d!

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